Publications Archive - CGIAR

CIMMYT 1989 Annual Report : beyond subsistance: New options for Asian farmers

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 22:20:12 +0000

The productivity of Asia’s agriculture has increased dramatically during the past quarter century, enabling many of the region’s poor to move beyond subsistence. For the region to move further along that path, while conserving its heavily used natural resources, agricultural researchers will have to provide a steady flow of new options for Asian farmers. In […]

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CIMMYT 1987-1988 Hechos y tendencias mundiales relacionados con el trigo. Nuevamente, la revolución del trigo: tendencias recientes y retos futuros

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:55:36 +0000

Este número de Hechos y tendencias mundiales relacionados con el trigo consta de tres partes: un examen de los cambios recientes en la producción de trigo en el Tercer Mundo y su trascendencia en el futuro, un panorama general de la situación mundial actual del trigo y algunos datos estadísticos sobre la producción mundial del cereal. La primera parte comienza con un resumen de las principales tendencias en la producción de granos en el período posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando se observó un espectacular cambio del aumento de la superficie cultivada al incremento del rendimiento como factor básico del crecimiento de la producción de trigo. Analizaremos en particular las modificaciones más recientes de la producción de trigo en el Tercer Mundo durante el último decenio, cuando la producción y los rendimientos en lbs países en desarrollo se elevaron casi tan rápidamente como en los primeros años de la Revolución Verde. En la primera parte se dedica especial atención a las tendencias en las regiones irrigadas o con una precipitación pluvial adecuada, ya que representan las principales zonas productoras de trigo en el mundo en desarrollo. No obstante, se hace referencia a las regiones más áridas en que se cultiva el trigo, donde el ritmo de los cambios ha sido más lento. Con el fin de estudiar la relación entre el régimen de humedad y la adopción de variedades nuevas y el empleo de fertilizantes, el CIMMYT, en colaboración con los programas nacionales y otros organismos, reunió datos sobre casi todos los países en desarrollo, así como muchos industrializados, para obtener estimaciones aproximadas de la superficie cultivada, la producción y el rendimiento del trigo cultivado en cuatro regímenes de humedad: 1) zonas irrigadas, 2) zonas de temporal con más de 500 mm anuales de lluvia, 3) zonas de temporal con 300-500 mm anuales de lluvia y 4) zonas de temporal con menos de 300 mm anuales de lluvia. Se emplearon esos datos en el análisis contenido en la primera parte. A continuación de este examen de los regímenes de humedad, se presenta información acerca de las causas de los notables incrementos del rendimiento del trigo en los países en desarrollo durante el decenio pasado: la difusión de variedades semienanas y la mayor utilización de fertilizante (la expansión de la superficie irrigada constituyó un factor menos importante en el reciente aumento del rendimiento). También analizamos en qué medida el fitomejoramiento, comparado con otros factores, ha contribuido a incrementar la productividad. Se describen los recientes cambios en la producción de trigo en el Punjab de Pakistán y en China, para ilustrar algunas de las tendencias que se señalan en este informe. La primera parte termina con una estimación de los futuros aumentos de la producción y el consumo de trigo. Los hechos señalan que los principales factores del crecimiento de la producción de trigo durante los dos últimos decenios -las variedades mejoradas, el empleo de fertilizante y la irrigación- ya han sido explotados ampliamente y, hasta el año 2000, el ritmo de incremento de la producción de trigo será considerablemente más lento que en el pasado. Si bien el consumo de trigo también crecerá en forma más lenta, no es seguro que se puedan mantener los grados actuales de autosuficiencia en trigo en el Tercer Mundo. En consecuencia, los aumentos futuros de la productividad dependerán de la adopción de una estrategia algo diferente de la que se siguió en el pasado y que consistía principalmente en la interacción del germoplasma mejorado, los fertilizantes y el riego. Tanto en las zonas favorecidas como en v las marginales, existe un amplio campo para explotar más la tecnología disponible mediante una mayor eficiencia en su empleo. Este criterio indica que, en relación con el aumento futuro de la productividad, el mejoramiento del manejo de cultivos desempeñará una función más importante en comparación con las variedades mejoradas. La aplicación de esta nueva estrategia requerirá sistemas eficaces de investigación sobre el manejo de cultivos, sólidos sistemas de extensión y sistemas adecuados de suministro de insumas. La segunda parte de este informe contiene un panorama de la situación mundial actual relacionada con el trigo, que abarca la producción en los países en desarrollo y desarrollados, la utilización del trigo, el comercio y las reservas mundiales del cereal (con un examen de los principales importadores y exportadores), las tendencias de los precios, los fletes y los precios de los fertilizantes. Se analiza también el efecto sobre la economía mundial del trigo causado por la sequía que afectó a América del Norte en 1988. Finalmente, en la tercera parte se presentan datos estadísticos relacionados con la producción, el consumo, el comercio y los precios del trigo. Se proporcionan también los datos estadísticos concernientes a los temas analizados en la primera parte, incluyendo información sobre los regímenes de humedad, las variedades y el empleo de fertilizante en la producción de trigo. Esa información está agrupada por región y comprende los principales países en desarrollo productores y consumidores de trigo, así como la mayoría de los países desarrollados.

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What is CIMMYT

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:44:15 +0000

CIMMYT is a private, autonomous, nonprofit, scientific and educational institution chartered under Mexican law to engage in the improvement of maize and wheat production, everywhere in the world, with emphasis on developing countries.

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A new training, conference and information facility for CIMMYT

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:14:46 +0000

Maize and wheat researchers throughout the developing world look to CIMMYT as their international research center of excellence on these crops. The growing requirements of developing country research institutions in germplasm development, training and information exchange will demand that CIMMYT make important changes in its program activities in the years ahead. In 1971, CIMMYT inaugurated its existing headquarters physical plant in the midst of a considerable expansion in the Center’s relationships with agricultural research and production institutions in the Third World. With world acclaim for its “Green Revolution” semidwarf wheat varieties (1970 Nobel Peace Prize for Norman E. Borlaug; 1970 UNESCO Science Prize shared with IRRI), CIMMYT was catapulted during the ensuing decade into a much broader research, training and information role within the global agricultural research community. The demand for these services has never been greater. Today, CIMMYT works with agricultural researchers in more than 125 countries. The Center ships over two million packets of experimental seed annually to cooperators around the world. More than 2,500 agricultural scientists in 90 countries are alumni of CIMMYT’s in-service training and visiting scientist programs (see Figures 1 and 2). CIMMYT relies on continuing dialog and feedback from these various clientele to ensure relevance in its research, training and information dissemination activities. 2 While the size of CIMMYT’s international maize and wheat research network has increased dramatically over the past decade, so too has the fundamental nature of the Center’s relationship with national research institutions and individuals that make up this network. At the beginning of the 1970s, many of these institutions were just initiating their maize and wheat research programs. Today, a number of these programs are staffed with highly competent maize and wheat researchers. The more advanced national programs, however, now seek to improve the professional scope and depth of their senior scientists. At the same time, the less advanced programs (in some cases, only recently establised) still require practical, inservice training for their most promising young scientists in the basics of crop research. CIMMYT believes it is essential to maintain the current level of in-service training at headquarters in Mexico while expanding substantially the number of longer-term visiting scientist fellowships it offers annually. Fellowships are intended primarily for national program collaborators, former trainees, and associate scientists on sabbatical leave-all partners in a vital and unique global network of agricultural researchers committed to raising the quantity and quality of food available in the developing world. Training activities outside Mexico are also being considerably increased through the efforts of CIMMYT’s regionally posted scientific staff. The expansions in regional and in-country training activities require increasing back-up support services in Mexico. Staff and facilities are needed to prepare training-related materials (manuals, field guides and audio-visuals) for use by regional staff in these training courses.

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Enduring designs for change: an account of CIMMYT’s research, its impact, and its future directions

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:08:58 +0000

This publication was prepared in commemoration of CIMMYT’s 25th anniversary. It consists of three main sections. The first provides an abbreviated account of the Center’s research and related activities. The second summarizes the preliminary results of a study of the impact of CIMMYT’s work with national programs, giving particular emphasis to improved germplasm. The final […]

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International agricultural research: the next 25 years. On the occasion of CIMMYT’s 25th anniversary 1966-1991

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:02:52 +0000

On December 6, 1991, CIMMYT staff and distinguished guests gathered at EI Batan headquarters in Mexico to commemorate the 25th anniversary of CIMMYT’s founding. Speakers, donor representatives, officials of the Mexican Government and its agricultural research community, members of our Board of Trustees, selected CIMMYT alumni, and other prominent visitors joined in a reaffirmation of […]

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CIMMYT Informe Anual 1998-1999: Ciencia para sustentar a la gente y el medio ambiente

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:55:41 +0000

Nuestro propósito en este informe anual es ayudar a la gente a ver y comprender -por medio de las experiencias de los científicos y los agricultores- cómo nuestra investigación promueve la seguridad alimentaria, protege los recursos naturales y ayuda a aliviar la pobreza en todo el mundo. Las secciones siguientes abordan una serie de temas: […]

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Mixed model with spatial variance-covariance structure for accommodating of local stationary trend and its influence on multi-environmental crop variety trial assessment

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 17:49:11 +0000

The most common procedure for analyzing multi-environmental trials is based on the assumption that the residual error variance is homogenous across all locations considered. However, this may often be unrealistic, and therefore limit the accuracy of variety evaluation or the reliability of variety recommendations. The objectives of this study were to show the advantages of […]

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Mapping novel yellow and leaf rust loci and predicting resistance in cross derived Canadian durum wheat

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 17:36:08 +0000

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) suffers substantial yield losses from yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina). In this study, we employed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify loci associated with rust resistance and used genomic selection (GS) to evaluate the predictive accuracy of different statistical models and phenotyping metrics (AUDPC_GDD, Angle, GDD50, and maxVar) in a Canadian durum wheat panel. The panel was evaluated in Mexico for yellow rust across three seasons near Toluca, and for leaf rust over two seasons at El Bat & aacute;n. Our GWAS identified 36 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), including known loci (Yr30, Yr57, Yr82, YrU1, Lr16, Lr17, Lr18, and Lr65) and previously unreported regions. Yellow rust resistance was linked to loci on chromosomes 3A (602.7 Mbp) and 3B (243.4 Mbp), while leaf rust MTAs appeared on chromosomes 5A (552.8 Mbp) and 7A (570 Mbp). Candidate genes near novel MTAs encode defense-related proteins such as serine/threonine kinases and NB-ARC (nucleotide binding-Apaf-1, R proteins, and CED-4), F-box, and RIN4 (RPM1-interacting protein 4)-domain proteins. Among four scoring metrics tested, AUDPC_GDD consistently outperformed others for yellow rust, whereas maxVar was most effective for leaf rust, reflecting differences in phenotypic distribution and trait variance. Bayesian GS models (BayesB) achieved the highest prediction accuracy, but including GWAS-derived fixed effects did not improve predictions, likely due to complexities in modeling major-effect loci. These results underscore the importance of rust-specific phenotyping strategies and illustrate the difficulty of integrating GWAS into GS models to dissect complex resistance traits.

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Early sowing enhances genotypic performance in mitigating the risk of wheat blast-induced yield loss: evidence from a 23-year simulation study in Bangladesh

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 17:25:54 +0000

Wheat is a crucial staple crop in South Asia and faces increasing risks due to interconnected agronomic and climate-related pressures. Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), presents a persistent threat to wheat production in the region. This study evaluates its impact by analyzing the effects of sowing dates and wheat varieties on irrigated wheat grain yield in Bangladesh, where MoT was first identified in South Asia. A generic disease model (GDM), parameterized to reflect the disease’s characteristics, was used to simulate wheat blast inoculum build-up. The GDM incorporates temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation data to model the fungal life cycle and disease progression. The wheat crop simulation model, DSSAT-Nwheat, was integrated with the GDM to simulate MoT’s life cycle. This coupled model has been embedded into the Geospatial Crop Modeling and Decision Support Tool (GSSAT) to enhance agricultural decision-making. Using a primary dataset for validation and NASA Power reanalysis weather data, the simulated effects of wheat blast on wheat grain yield were analyzed across five sowing dates and four varieties in Bangladesh over a 23-year period from 2001 to 2023. The results indicate that late sowing leads to lower yields and higher disease incidence due to increased atmospheric moisture and temperature. Both model simulations and primary data demonstrated that varietal resistance to wheat blast can significantly mitigate yield losses of wheat. However, in southern Bangladesh, where weather conditions favor the disease, even the most resistant variety, BARI Gom 33, showed yield reductions resulting from wheat blast. These findings highlight the need for long-term breeding programs to develop cultivars suited to hot, humid conditions with high disease pressure, alongside short-term agronomic practices that minimize disease risk through sowing in optimum dates and less susceptible cultivars in Bangladesh.

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